Adolf Grunbaum is a philosopher of science who criticized several theistic arguments for God’s existence. In his academic article “A New Critique of Theological Interpretation of Physical Cosmology” he criticizes both the Leibnizian and the Kalam argument. The Kalam cosmological arguments and the Leibnizian arguments are two argument for the existence of God which philosopher…

Quite some time ago I received the following question: “Does psychological reductionism prove materialism?”. The question is very confusing and, in my opinion, shows multiple misunderstandings on how certain premises lead to certain conclusions. Lets start by defining some terms. Materialism is defined as the claim that “only matter exists” (which I define as “absolute…

The various types of Cosmological arguments (like the first, second and third way of T. Aquinas, the Kalam cosmological argument, the Leibnizian argument and the Platonic argument from composite entities) all start from considerations of the Universe. The universe can be defined as the physical object made of all physical objects. Such broad definition encompasses…